Abstract: As urbanization progresses, building surfaces increasingly suffer from degradation and structural damage due to prolonged environmental stress, raising significant safety concerns.

Abstract: Recently, researchers developed numerous nature-inspired meta-heuristics algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), to solve numerical and engineering optimization problems.

In the field of multi-objective evolutionary optimization, prior studies have largely concentrated on the scalability of objective functions, with relatively less emphasis on the scalability of ...